This is the right place to ask basic questions -- don't be scared, we're glad to answer. :) E.g., I've answered the question about asterisks before: http://arclanguage.org/item?id=11104. (The short answer is that it's a naming convention for global variables.)
I'm not sure, but maybe you need to do something like
chmod +x racket
before it will work as an executable? You might also try the users@racket-lang.org mailing list, #racket on freenode.net, or one of the other resources at http://racket-lang.org/community.html to get input on this problem.
That is weird. Do you remember the options you gave the installer? Can you reproduce this problem on a fresh install with those same options (the installer probably created a racket-uninstall script)? If the installer created them (try which racket), do the /usr/bin ones work? I really don't know what's up. I'm still running mzscheme v4.2.1, so I'm not sure if/why Racket would create all those binaries with the old names, either -- mzscheme, drscheme, etc.